C.G.GUNTHERSSONS 




\6'¥ FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK. 



ESTABLISHED A. D. 1820. 



C. G. GUNTHER'S SONS 




y 



PARIS 

EXPOSITION 

1867 




FURRIERS 

184 FIFTH AVENUE I 



-)(A^' 




NEW YORK 



Copyright 1893. '""^^S^'.iV \jrASHll»%i--^ 



X 



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PREFACE. 

AAESSRS. C. G, GUNTHER'S SONS have been induced to publish the 
' *^ ' following illustrated aqd descriptive Dampl-[let, under the impression 
ti^at a misappreP\ensiori exists as to tl^e uses of reallij good furs, and also to 
afford their customers aq opportunity of becomirig acquainted with the different 
sorts of skins and some of tlqeir distinctive clqaracteristics, misnomers being 
of frequent occurrence, and the opportur|itL) for misrepresentation being 
very great. 

Messrs. C. G. Gunther's Sons now take the liberty of referring to 
their exceptional facilities for securiqg rare furs, skiqs aqd pelts ; owiqg to 
their cor." .^'iSns of nearly a ceqtury's duration witlq many of tl^e nqost 
pronqiqeqt Iqouses in Europe, Asia and Africa, aqd their Agents and 
Ageqcie-' in th^ese dlffereqt countries, their opportuqities for obtaiqiqg 
the differeqt skins iq large quantities and at low figures are th^erefore 
unequalled. 

The manufacturing of th^ese skiqs into articles of apparel and luxe is an 
iqdustry ap *rt from all others (sui generis) and requiring muchi knowledge 
aqd experieqce, as the stability as well as llqe appearaqce of most furs depends 
much upon the mode of curiqg, drying and making up. 

Of "ifx the industries, that of manufacturiqg the pelts of animals iqto 
articles foi'thie use of nqaqkind, is the most aqcient, and hiardly a country 
exists in which, to some extent, the skins of different beasts are qot so used 
at tl^e preseqt time. 

From the Arctic Circle, wh[ere furs are a necessity of existence, to the 
tropics, aqd agaiq southward into the Antarctic regions, tl^e furs of wild 
aqimals have, fron. time inirqemorial, contributed to the qeeds and the 
conqfort of mankind, and even iq tlqe Temperate Zone, we l^'ave learned 
to thoroughly appreciate the luxury and utility of furs, iq view of tlqe 
suddeq chianges of temperature to whicfi the vagaries of our climate 
subject us. 

The followiqg pages V\,'ill, we trust, furnish desirable iqformatioq to thiose 
contemplatiqg the purclqase cf furs iq any form, and we would be muclq. 
pleased to furnish aqy additional facts or details tlqat nqay be desired. When 
custorqers are kqowq to the Tuse, or satjsfactory references are given qoods 
will be sent on approbation, .,' 



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THE BEAVER. 



CASTOR FIBER. Fr., Bievre. Gr., Bit- -. 

Habitat: — North America in the higher latitudes, especially Ca?i- 
ada; also, to less extent, in Northern Europe and Asia. 

An animal of wonderful sagacity, having been credited by 
some writers with being so intelligent and national as to lack 
only the faculty of speech to place it on an equality with man. 
Indian tradition ascribes to the Beavers the power of speech, 
while Buffon, in his charming stories, ha3 endowed them with 
almost supernatural attributes. This astuteness is exaggerated, 
as the Beaver is not more intelligent than many other animals. 
Its reputation has undoubtedly arisen from its wonderful skill 
i_i c. -structing its lodges and dams. 



This rodent differs from others of the same famil)^ in that it 
has palmated hind feet, and a broad, trowel-like tail. These 
characteristics fit it for its burrowing and building habits. Its 
fur is mostly of a chestnut-brown on the back, graduating to a 
lighter shade on the sides. As commonly used, the long, stiff 
upper hairs are plucked out, as with the Seal. In its natural 
state it is very beautiful and much in vogue. 

The Beaver is an amphibious animal, and, while swimming, 
its tail serves both as a rudder and an oar, being turned under 
the body at right angles and swung from side to side like the 
sculling of a boat. The cone-shaped huts of the Beaver are 
intended to acccimmodate ten or twelve animals. When these 
are finished the beavers set about building their dam, for the 
purpose of raising the water-level and submerging the greater 
part of their huts. Trees of all sizes, under ten inches in 
diameter, are felled by the big, chisel-like teeth of the Beavers, 
cut into suitable lengths, transported to the site of the dam, and 
so filled in with mud, stones and grass that little water can run 
through. When these dams are completed they are often six 
or eight feet high and from six to thirty rods long. They are so 
uniform in height that the water drops from them evenly from 
end to end. 

Many imitations of the fur exist, and are actually made to 
usurp its r ""me. These imitations are made to resemble the 
appearance of the real Beaver, but are inferior in richness and 
durability. 

Beavers are much in use for muffs and trimmings, and also 
for robes and gentlemen's coat trimmings. Some skins are col- 
ored to resemble the Seal, but the fur is much longer, and as the 
process of dyeing is apt to make the pelt tender, it is not 
recommended. 




THE FOX. 



C A N I S V U L P E S 



Habitat : — All latitudes, especially North. 



A MOST valuable fur-bearing animal, on account of the 
beaut}', variet}' and abundance of the different species. The Fox 
is a member of the Dog or Wolf famih^ and is earn- orous in its 
habits. This intelligent animal is the synonym of craftiness 
and shrewdness, with wonderfully acute senses of sight, smell 
and hearing. Its speed is very great, and its devices for escap- 
ing capture are remarkable. The most rare and costly of this 
variety of fur is that of the Silver Fox, for although found on 
two continents, only about 2,000 skins are annually secured. 
The fur is very soft and silky, and is principally used for muffs, 
trimmings, etc. The darkest skins are most valuable. 

The Cross Fox ranks next in the commercial scale. By 
many it is considered a hybrid between the Red and the Silver 



Fox, although it seems to be a permanent variety. The darkest 
skins are hardly to be distinguished from those of the lighter 
Silver Fox. 

The Red Fox is the most common and abundant, and in 
many sections is considered a pest by poultry owners. Never- 
theless, his lively color and graceful brush makes the skin of the 
Red Fox attractive and popular. 

The White or Arctic Fox is found only in the frozen regions 
of the extreme North. Its fur is long, close and beautiful, and 
in winter is pure white, with the exception of a few dark hairs at 
the tip of the tail. It is nocturnal in its habits, and is alert, 
cunning and crafty. 

The Blue Fox is found in the Alaskan Islands, Labrador 
and Greenland. The fur is very beautiful, and is prized on 
account of its slate or purple color. 

The Gray Fox is found in Virginia and many of the 
Southern States. Its fur is serviceable and attractive. 

Fox skins are used variously, the Silver and Blue Foxes 
principally for muffs, boas and trimming, while the White, Red 
and Gray Foxes are more used in robes. 



~^' 




THE ERMINE. 



MUSTELA ERMINEA. Fr., Ermine. 
Gr., Hermelin. 

Habitat: — Russia and Siberia. 



A MEMBER of the Weasel family, the Ermine is carnivorous 
in its habits and a most determined hunter, preying upon birds 
and small quadrupeds, and sucking the blood of its victims. In 
color, the Ermine in summer is a light reddish brown on the 
upper portions of the body, and lighter tinted or nearly white 
underneath. In winter, in extreme northern latitudes, its short 
dense fur changes to a delicate cream white, in all parts of the 
body except the tip of his tail, which is black. 

It is only in the coldest parts of Russia and Siberia that 
the fur becomes sufficiently blanched to be of great commercial 
value. The Ermine was formerly monopolized by the royal 



families and nobility of Europe, but now finds its way into 
the general market. 

The Ermine destroys many Hares, and although as compared 
with them its speed is slow, it is so tenacious and enduring in 
the chase that it generally runs down its victim at last. It is 
said that the Hare loses courage and energy when it discovers 
that the Ermine is on its track, and falls an easy prey to its pur- 
suer when it might readily escape by its superior swiftness. In 
its pursuit of birds the Ermine is known to have continued fight- 
ing with its winged prey at a considerable distance from the 
earth. 

It is a very small animal, the length of its body being only 
from eight to twelve inches. The finest skins come from the 
Province of Yakutsk, and form a part of the tribute to the 
crown. 

The fur of the Ermine is the emblem of purity and justice. 
In its general use it is made into robes, mantle linings, muffs, 
trimmings, etc. 




THE RACCOON. 



PROCYON I^OTOR. Fr., Marmotte. Ger., Waschbar 

OR SCHUPPE. 

Habitat: — United States and British Columbia. 



A SMALL and interesting member of the Bear family. 
Chiefly nocturnal in its habits and an omnivorous feeder, living 
on nuts, green corn, eggs, mice, frogs, etc. It is an expert 
climber, and lives in hollow trees, with the entrance at a con- 
siderable height from the ground. Its body, which is about two 
feet long, is thick and stout like the Badger's; its head resembles 
that of the Fox, and its bushy tail is darkly ringed. Its fur is a 
grayish yellow, streaked and barred with darker colors and 
overlaid with longer black and white hairs. 

Its flesh is palatable, and its fur was much used by the early 
settlers of this country for making caps, from which the tail was 



allowed to hang as a picturesque ornament. lyike the members 
of the Bear family, it very generally hibernates. The Raccoon 
has the peculiar habit of washing its food in water before devour- 
ing it, and from this singular characteristic its German name, 
' ' Wasch-bar, ' ' is derived. It is particularly fond of rambling 
about the small streams and marshes in search of frogs, shell- 
fish and turtles. 

'Coon hunting by night is considered rare sport in many 
sections of the country. The Raccoon is not swift, and if pursued 
takes to a tree, when it ma}^ be readily killed. In an old work 
entitled "America," the following interesting description of this 
animal occurs : " The Rockoone is a deep Furr'd Beast, not much 
unlike a Badger, having a Tail like a Fox, as good meat as a 
Lamb. These Beasts, in the day time, sleep in hollow Trees, in 
a moon-shine night they go to feed on clams at a low tide, by 
the seaside, when the English hunt them with their Dogs." 

There is another species known as the South American or 
crab-eating Raccoon, somewhat smaller than the North 
American variety and redder in color. Its fur, however, is harsh 
and coarse, and less valuable than the common Raccoon. The 
fur of the Raccoon is serviceable and makes handsome robes 
and rugs. When colored, it is largely used for coachmen's 
capes, caps, collars and gloves, and resembles the Black Bear, 
being, however, much less expensive. 




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THE WOLVERINE. 



GULO IvUSCUS. Fr., Glouton. Ger., Vielfrass. 



Habitat: — Northern parts of America, Asia and Europe. 

A CARNIVOROUS animal, resembling the Bear in general ap- 
pearance and movements, while its head bears a strong likeness 
to the Fisher. The Wolverine is a fierce and dangerous animal 
when wounded or cornered, as it is powerfully built and pos- 
sesses great strength. The prevailing color of the fur is dark 
brown, but a broad stripe of yellowish brown sweeps from the 
shoulders along each side, terminating at the root of the tail, and 
forming a sort of saddle, so to speak. The fur is long and soft, 
and when a number of the skins are put together, makes a rich 
and striking robe. This fur has enhanced in value of late years, 
partly on account of its scarcity and partly because its service- 
able quality is becoming better appreciated. The Wolverine is 



said to be on the way to extermination. It is a great mischief- 
maker to the trapper, following a line of traps for miles, tearing 
down the "dead falls," and devouring the bait from the traps 
and the animals that have been caught in them. It is also very 
apt at discovering and destroying caches of provisions, and on 
account of its cunning and sagacity, as well as its destructive 
propensities, the Indians call the Wolverine the " Devil," or the 
" Evil One." 

It is not a fleet animal, but is very tenacious in the pursuit 
of its prey. It hunts hares, mice and birds, but frequently at- 
tacks larger quadrupeds or disabled deer. It makes its home in 
the thickest woods, and can only be trapped with difficulty. 
The trappers frequently destroy them by the use of strychnine 
or some other form of poison. 

Muffs and trimmings made from the dark spot on back and 
taped are extremely beautiful. 




THE SABLE. 



^SkS 



MUSTELLA ZIBELLINA. Fr., Martru Zibelline. 
Gr., Zobel. 

Habitat : — Asiatic Russia, Siberia, Kamschatka. 

The Sable is one of the Marten or Weasel family, and 
remarkable for the beauty of its fur, which is a rich soft brown, 
and of a color unapproachable in other skins or in fabrics. The 
fur is valuable in proportion as it is dark in color. If very dark, 
it is termed Imperial Russian Sable, and formerly was retained 
for the exclusive use of the Imperial family of Russia. There 
are many grades of these skins, and some of them bring com- 
paratively low prices, although they are extremely beautiful. 
These lighter skins we have seen colored in so skillful a manner 



that only an expert could detect the imposture. They are then 
sold for natural skins, but fade rapidly and lose their color. 
Russian Sable skins are largely used for muffs, boas and trim- 
mings, and sometimes cloaks and mantles. 

The Hudson Bay Sable (Mustela Canadensis), or Marten, 
belongs to the above family, but is much inferior in point of size, 
color and quality of fur. It is indigenous to North America, but 
only in the Northern latitudes. In color it is light brown, like 
its Russian prototype, but of a rather reddish hue. The Hudson 
Bay Sable is of great value for coat linings when light in color, 
while the darker skins are made into muffs, boas, capes, etc., 
and approximate so closely to the Russian that they are distin- 
guished apart with difficult}'. 

STONE MARTEN. 

The Stone Marten is of the same genus. It is found in the 
mountains of Greece, Valentia and adjacent countries. It is of a 
light stone color, with brown top hair, is extremel}^ beautiful, 
and much in use for muffs, cravattes, boas and trimmings. 

FITCH. 

To this family also belongs the Fitch, of a light orange 
color, with black points, most vivid in its coloring, and largely 
used in Europe for coat linings. 




THE FISHER 



MUSTElvA PENNANTI. Fr., Pecan. 

ViRGINISCHER, I1.TISS. 



Gr., 



Habitat : — Strictly N'orth American; all latitudes. 

The Fisher, sometimes known as Pennant's Marten, belongs 
to the Weasel family, and resembles both the Marten and the 
Wolverine in its habits and appearance, although much larger 
than the one and smaller than the other. It is a carnivorous 
animal, preying upon birds and small quadrupeds, and some- 
times varying its diet, as its name would indicate, with fish, 
watching for them from some log or stone overhanging the water, 
and plunging in suddenly to secure the coveted food. 



The fur is a rich dark brown color, sometimes almost black, 
and the tail is black and bushy. Fishers are most abundant in 
the cold snowy regions of the North, and are generally nocturnal 
in their habits. They are of sturdy build, exceedingly powerful 
for their size, and are good climbers. 

The Fisher, although an expert and active climber, does not 
live so exclusively in the woods as the Marten. Except when 
providing food for their young the Fishers are nocturnal in their 
habits. In their method of locomotion they resemble the Mink, 
that is, advancing by short hops. lyike the Wolverine, the 
Fisher is a pest to the trapper, following a line of traps assidu- 
ously and robbing them of bait. 

When caught they show a sullen and spiteful disposition, 
even the young being very savage. They emit a strong, musky 
odor, which is unpleasant to some, and which clings about the 
fur for a long time. The fur is used in Europe for coat linings 
and robes. 

With us the articles most in use made from these skins are 
muffs and boas, while the tails are largely used for trimmings. 




THE MINK. 



MUSTELA VISON. Fr., Visox. Gr., Werz. 



Habitat : — A// the hizhcr latitudes. 



This sleek little animal is a member of the Weasel tribe, 
and resembles the Ferret and the Ermine in its movements 
and appearance. It is carnivorous, and to a certain extent 
amphibious, living on the banks of streams and getting most of 
its food from them. Its fur, which is a dark brown, is both 
valuable and popular, being short, dense and fine. The body of 
the Mink is very slender, and about twelve to fifteen inches in 
length. The largest and finest skins come from Eabrador and 
Northern Canada. Farther South the fur is of a lighter hue. 
Among the Indians this .skin is used as a totem or crest. 

The Mink is rambling in his habits and is a most expert 
swimmer, easily catching fish in their native element. He also 
po.s.se.sses a remarkably keen scent, and hunters take advantage 



of this and lure him with traps upon which some artificial scent 
has been sprinkled. 

The Mink is easily tamed, and is capable of strong attach- 
ment. 

The female Mink secretes her young until they attain half 
their growth, as their unnatural father will destroy them if he 
finds the opportunity. lyike all the Weasel family, the Mink is 
very tenacious of life. He is cunning and mischievous ; never- 
theless, he does not display the spirit of pure destructiveness by 
killing more than enough to satisfy his appetite. 

In taking these and other valuable fur-bearing animals the 
trapper usually attaches his trap to a spring-pole strong enough 
to lift the animal, when caught, out of the way of predatory 
quadrupeds ; or, if the trap is set near deep water, it is attached 
to a sliding pole, which secures the animal by drowning it. 

Muffs, boas, capes and jackets are made from this skin, as 
are also coat and cloak linings ; in fact, it is susceptible of being 
made into almost any article of apparel, the pelt being very soft 
and pliable. 




THE CHINCHILLA. 



-'-^ 



CHINCHII,I,A BRKVICANDATA. Fr., Chinchii.le. Gr., 

Chinchii^IvA. 

Habitat : — Peril, Bolivia and Chili. 

A iviTTivE animal, from eight to ten inches in length, and 
belonging to the genus Jerboidse. It is characterized by the great 
comparative length of the hind legs, and it produces the most 
delicate and silken fur of all the fur-bearing animals. In color 
it is a delicate clear gray upon the back, softening to a grayish 
white underneath. The fur is rather long, and wonderfully soft 
and fine in texture, being much sought after for making muffs, 
boas, trimmings and linings for cloaks. 

The Chinchillas burrow in the valleys in the hilly regions 
which they inhabit, collecting in great numbers in the most 



favored localities. At the end of the burrow they make a neat 
nest of herbage. It is said that as a precaution they dig an 
additional tunnel almost to the surface, so that in case of neces- 
sity they may break through and escape. 

In common with other members of the Jerboidae, the Chin- 
chilla, in its movements and external conformation, bears some 
resemblance to the Kangaroo. When alarmed or pursued it 
escapes by means of prodigious leaps. When standing, as it 
often does, on its hind legs, the Chinchilla uses its long tail to 
help support itself in this position. In feeding it carries its food 
to its mouth with its paws, like the Squirrel. 

It is difficult to keep the Chinchilla confined, as it gnaws 
through the hardest wood with ease. It is susceptible to cold, 
and repairs to its burrow at the beginning of the cold or rainy 
season. 

This interesting little creature is a strict vegetarian, its food 
consisting almost entirely of bulbous roots. It is scrupulously 
clean in its habits, and most assiduous in the care of its coat. 
The skins obtained from Chili are the best. 

There are different varieties of the Chinchilla, some being 
very poor in fur and leather ; these are in the trade termed 
Bastards. 

Chinchilla skins are largely used for muffs, collars and 
trimmings, and sometimes for cloak linings. 




THE LYNX. 



FElvIS CANADENSIS. Fr., IvOup Curvier. Ger., Luchs. 

Habitat: — North America, from latitude of Northern New York 
to within the Arctic Circle ; also Europe. 

A RATHER prominent representative of the feline race, carniv- 
orous in its habits, and of powerful build. It is supposed to 
have a prototype in Northeastern Asia. Its size is between that 
of a Fox and a Wolf, and it is armed with vicious-looking 
claws. The fur in winter is long and silky, silver-gray on the 
back, shading to lighter tints underneath. Its short tail and 
pointed ears are tipped with black, and it has a collar or ruff of 
fur about the throat. It is a good climber, and makes its home 
in the darkest forests. It is cowardly and easily killed. The 
keenness of its sight has long been proverbial, but it is a rather 
stupid animal and easily trapped. 

When running it presents a singular appearance, as it leaps 
in successive bounds, all its feet striking the earth at the same 
time. It is a good swimmer, and when hard pressed by dogs 



defends itself vigorously. Unlike all other members of the feline 
race, its flesh is said to be excellent eating. 

These skins are used in their natural state, principally for 
robes ; whereas, when colored, very beautiful muffs, boas, col- 
lars and trimmings are made from them. 



THE WILD CAT. 



FEI^IS RUFA. Fr., Chat Cervier. Ger., Ludis Katze. 
Habitat: — Upper latitudes of North America. 

A CARNIVOROUS and largely noctvirnal animal of the lyynx 
species, in color yellowish-brown, with overlying gray hairs and 
a ruff of hair about the throat. The coat is marked with ob- 
scure spots on the sides and indistinct longitudinal stripes along 
the middle of the back. 

The Wild Cat has a peculiarly harsh and unpleasant cry, 
not altogether inappropriate to its grewsome surroundings, as it 
makes its home in the darkest cedar and hemlock swamps. It is 
a cowardly animal, unless cornered or robbed of its young ; at 
such times it defends itself viciously. It preys chiefly upon 
small quadrupeds and birds. 

The principal use to which this animal is put is for robes 
though many of them are colored as an imitation of the Lynx. 




THE SKUNK. 



MEPHITIS MEPHITICA. 
Habitat: — General hi North America. 

A RELATIVE of the Weasel, this nocturnal and largely- 
carnivorous quadruped is a valuable fur-bearing animal, and, 
notwithstanding its unpopularity and its unsavory reputation, 
deserves attention. Its fur is in more general use than is com- 
monly supposed. The prevailing colors are white and jet black, 
sharply defined, the blackest pelts being the most valuable. 

In spite of its terribly effective means of offense and defense, 
it is scrupulously clean in its habits, and in its normal state the 
fur is as free from unpleasant odor as that of any other animal. 



Epicures declare that its flesh is decidedly palatable, resembling 
chicken in its flavor. 

The Skunk walks with its back arched and its bushy tail 
erect, as though proud of its appearance. In the summer 
months it diligently searches the fields for mice and insects, 
sometimes preying on frogs and young birds. It is "a potent 
sucker of eggs ' ' and a chicken-thief, and is disliked by the 
farmers on that account. 

The Skunk is a most independent and fearless animal, and 
generally disdains to run, relying on its peculiar and potent 
means of defending itself from its enemies. When disturbed it 
walks or trots leisurely away. The great horned owl is its most 
dangerous and relentless foe and it is frequently killed by this 
feathered enem5^ 

As a destroyer of bugs, worms and other vermin, the Skunk 
performs a valuable service to the farmers, and is entitled to more 
friendship and protection than he gets. 

The bite of the Skunk is said occasionally to cause hydro- 
phobia. Charlevoix gave to this animal the title, ' ' Enfant du 
Diable." 

When properly dressed and cured, its appearance is most 
beautiful, and in articles such as muffs, collars, caps and trimming 
it is most attractive. It is also one of the most durable of all 
furs. 







THE BEAR. 



URSUS. Americanus, Black Bear. Cinnamonum, Cin- 
namon Bear. Ferox or Horribieis, Grizzly Bear. 
Maritimus, Polar Bear. Isabella Bear. 

Habitat : — A// Coiuitrics A^orth of the Equator. 

The several species of this family are widely scattered, but 
are much the same in their habits and ways, being carnivorous, 
or, by necessity, omnivorous. As a class they are clumsy and 
possess a low order of intelligence, but are ferocious and powerful. 
It is held by many that ail Bears hibernate, but this is at least 
open to question. The Black Bear is the most common, and its 
fur is valuable and attractive for robes, rugs, etc. 

The Cinnamon Bear is larger than the black variety, and is 
considered by some naturalists to be only a species of the latter. 

The Grizzly Bear is the most savage and fearless of its 
tribe, and is armed with long, strong claws. These are highly 



prized by the Indians as a proof of bravery, and are worn by 
them as a decoration or badge of honor. The skin is thick and 
heavy, with a large hump of fur between the shoulders. 

The Polar Bear, the large.st of the entire genus, is found 
only in the icy regions of the extreme North. It sometimes 
attains a weight of 2,000 lbs. and upward. The incisors of the 
upper jaw are grooved, and those of the lower jaw fit in them, 
thus enabling it to hold its slippery prey. It is a bold fighter 
and very vindictive. The fur is very thick and almost pure 
white, and is very valuable for rugs, robes, etc. 

Black Bear skins are used in rugs and mats, robes from the 
cubs, when the pelt is soft. Muflfs, boas and trimming are made, 
also coachmen's caps, capes and gloves. The Cinnamon, 
Grizzly and Polar Bears are used almost exclusively in rugs 
and robes, but the Isabella Bear is most highly prized for 
use in ladies' goods, owing to the most beautiful color, with 
soft, rich fur. 




THE BADGER (American). 



TAXIDEA AMERICANA. Fr., Bi^aireau d'Amkrique. 
Gr., Amerikanischer Dachs. 

Habitat : — Higher latitudes of North America West of the 
Mississippi. 

The Badger is one of the smaller representatives of the 
Bear family, and is superior to the European Badger in the 
quality and fineness of its fur. It is omnivorous, and chiefly 
nocturnal in its habits, feeding upon roots, insects, frogs, etc. 
It also destroys the eggs and young of birds that build their nests 
on the ground. 

The fur of the Badger has a sandy-gray appearance, which 
is due to three distinct colors on the hairs : yellowish-white at 
the roots, black in the middle, and ashy-gray at the ends. The 
coarse hairs, which are plucked out, are used for making the fine 
brushes of the oil-painter. A white stripe runs from the nose 
over the forehead to the shoulder. The Badger is of sturdy 
build, and the body is broad and flat, as though compressed. It 



is armed with very strong claws, suitable for burrowing in the 
ground, digging for rabbits, and unearthing Marmots and ground 
Squirrels. The Badger chooses the most solitary forests for its 
residence, living in burrows. When pursued it commences 
digging in the earth, and, if too closely pressed, turns and backs 
into the hole it has made, and defies its pursuers. If it has time 
to get its body fairly buried it is secure from any dog, or even a 
man with a shovel, as it digs its way into the earth with surpris- 
ing rapidity. I,ike other members of the Bear family, the 
Badger very generally hibernates, and is seldom seen while the 
ground is covered with snow. Although found throughout a wide 
range of country, it is a rather scarce animal, and its fur possesses 
considerable value. 

When taken young they are easily tamed, and make desirable 
pets. 

The fur of the Badger is long at the sides and short on the 
back ; it is principally used for muffs, boas and trimmings. 




SEA OTTER. 



EHHYDRA MARINA. Fr., Loutrs jog^MER. 
See Otter. 



Gr., 



Habitat : — Islands and Shores of the North Pacific Ocean. 

An amphibious animal, and the largest of the Otter family 
or group, often attaining a weight of 60 to 80 pounds. The fur 
of the Sea Otter is very beautiful and of great value, and as the 
animal is becoming scarce, the cost is annually increased. Its 
color is variable, but the general hue is almost black, or very 
dark brown, often interspersed with silver hair. Of all furs, it is 
one of the most highly esteemed. 

This Otter lives mostly in the water, and resembles the Seal 
in its habits. It seldom visits the shore in the colder months, 
and only when the weather is stormy at sea. The female clasps 
her single offspring to her breast and stretches herself at full 
length on her back in the ocean when she wishes to sleep. The 
pup cannot live without its mother, and dies of self-imposed 
starvation if captured. 



In the summer, the Sea Otter leaves the coast with its mate 
and follows up the course of the streams to their sources in the 
lakes of the interior, returning to the sea when cold weather 
approaches. 

The Sea Otter is not a prolific animal, and is probably one of 
the few animals that are on the way to ultimate extinction. It 
is timid, and prefers the neighborhood of islands, where it can 
be sure of finding both food and shelter. It subsists chiefly 
upon fish, Crustacea and mollusks. 

In Northwestern America the Sea Otter is hunted in canoes 
ranged in a circle. When shot at it dives, and on reappearing, 
is shot at again until it is exhausted and can no longer remain 
under water. 

These skins rank with the Russian Sable in point of value, 
and in respect to appearance it has no superior. It is principally 
used for trimmings of fur-lined coats, for muffs, collars and caps. 
It has great durability, and has been known to last, with care, 
for many years. 




THE OTTER. 



.v* 



IvUTRA CANADENSIS. Fr., Loutre d'Amurique. Gr., 
Amerikanischer Otter. 

Habitat: — Throughout the greater part of North America and 

Eiirope. 

The Otter is aquatic in his habits, living in and near streams 
and getting his subsistence from them. In appearance the Otter 
resembles a magnified Mink. The fur is short and very thick, 
and the color of the underlying hairs varies from a glossy brown 
to a light chestnut. 

The Otter has webbed feet, is a strong and expert swimmer, 
and can remain under water a long time. His activity in this 
element enables him to take fish with ease. The Otters make 
their homes in the banks of streams, the entrance to their 
burrows being under water. They have a singular practice of 



sliding down muddy banks and icy slopes, apparently for sport. 
The places where they thus play are called ' ' Otter Slides. ' ' 

In the winter they keep air-holes open in the ice, and are 
frequently seen near the edges, playing, sliding and catching 
fish. 

During the winter their migrations on land are toilsome, and 
they leave a deep furrow in the snow. 

The Otter destroys many more fish than he can eat, for the 
mere pleasure of killing. His favorite game and food is the 
speckled trout, and he frequents the clear and rapid streams in 
search of this coveted morsel. It is said to be able to smell fish 
under water. 

The Otter is susceptible of being tamed if caught j^oung, 
and in India trained Otters are very common. Their owners put 
them to good use by causing them to drive the fish into their 
nets. 

The value of their fur and the sport of hunting them with 
dogs, have caused the extinction of Otters in many parts of the 
world where they were very common. The European Otter, 
which is smaller than his American relative, is still found in 
Great Britain, and packs of Otter hounds are still kept in 
England. 

The fur is highly prized and very generally sought after. 
It is principally used for coat trimmings, though in muffs and 
collars it is very beautiful and durable. 




PERSIAN LAMB. 



GENUS OVIS. Fr., Persianne. Gr., Persianer. 



Raised principally in Persia, Afghanistan and adjacent Coiintries. 

The Persian Sheep is one of the most ancient of all breeds, 
being closely allied to the primeval stock. Its color is black, 
brown, and sometimes white, and the skin of the lamb is very 
beautiful, being closely curled. As used, all these skins are 
dj'ed a brilliant black, and this can only be properly done in 
German}'. The Silken Persian is probably the very young of 
the same specie, while those called Breitschwaenze (Broad- tail), 
or Moire are supposed to be prematurely born, the parent 
animal's life being sacrificed for this purpose. 

The moire antique, or watered silk, is said to have been 
copied from this beautiful and rare skin. 



All of these furs, the Persian, Silken Persian and Moire 
Persian are extensively used for ladies' goods, such as jackets, 
mantles, capes, muffs and collars; while the Black Persian is 
also much in demand for gentlemen's furs, coat linings and 
facings, caps, etc. 

In Russia, Hungary and Austria, these skins are also largely 
used for military purposes. 

GRAY PERSIAN LAMB. 

The gray or pin-headed Persian Lamb is another variety of 
the Ovis family. Its use is limited, being principally in demand 
for children's goods. 

KRIMMER. 

The Krimmer (Grimmer), or Crimean Lamb, deriving its 
name from the "Crimea," is gray or slate-colored, heavily 
furred, with a more or less tight curl ; is much used for such 
articles as muffs, collars, capes and mantles. 



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ASTRACHAN LAMB. 



GENUS OVIS. 
Habitat : — Southern Russia ayid Ceyitral Asia. 

This celebrated breed is found over a large expanse of 
country, is noted for its fine, spirally curled wool of a gray or 
mixed black and white color ; the skins are colored black, and 
are largely used for muffs, collars, capes, mantles and jackets. 
They are much less expensive than the Persian Lamb, abound in 
far greater numbers, and are many of them of poor quality and 
inferior in appearance. 

The natural color of this .species of Ruminantia is a dirty 
white, with a fine gray wool underneath. The sheep are under 
the ordinary size. The horns of the ram are picturesque, being 
curved backward and spread at the tips. There is another 
Russian breed of the same genus which is without horns. 



THE FUR SEAL. 



CAI,I,ORHINUS URSINUS. Fr., Loup Marin. Gr., 

Seehund. 

Habitat :— South Shetland, Crozct and Pribylov Islands. 

A HIGHEY organized and most intelligent animal, of the 
Pinnipedia order; a fur-bearing species, not to be confounded 
with others whose covering consists of hair only; the kind found 
in Newfoundland and elsewhere being of this latter order. 
The Fur Seal has a coat of gray hair, with a downy undergrowth 
of wool, yellowish in color. The outer or graj^ hairs are plucked 
out in treatment, leaving only the yellowish down, which is then 
colored, and this constitutes the skins from which Sealskin 
jackets, etc., are made. This process is properly understood and 
worked only in England, and by experienced persons. It is 
therefore obvious that purchases of Seal garments should not be 
indiscriminately made. 

The Fur Seal is an amphibious animal, and sleeps as well 
at sea aS"bn land, floating on its back. It is very susceptible to 
heat, and suffers in a temperature above forty degrees. On warm 
days it has a singular habit of fanning itself with its hind flippers. 

The Seal skin is worth all the time and labor which must 
be put upon it. It is impervious to cold, a wetting cannot hurt 
it, its strength and toughness make it serviceable to the last 
degree, and its beauty is beyond question. 



Of all furs, the Seal is most suitable for articles such as 
jackets, mantles, cloaks, etc., as it is readily formed to fit the 
body, and is not cumbersome in appearance. 

The Alaska Seal is most highly valued; the so-called North- 
west Coast Seals being about identical as to quality, etc. Those 
from Copper Island (one of the Aleutian group, close to Kam- 
schatka) are next in point of excellence, while the lyobos Island 
(Cape Horn), Robben Island and Japanese, etc., are inferior in 
quality. The Shetland Seal, now almost unknown, are skins of 
great beauty, but not as durable as the Alaskas. 

As there are twenty-one different qualities or grades in 
colored Sealskins, it is self-evident that not every one is a 
judge of these goods. 




THE WOLF. 



CANIS. Lupus, European Wolf. Lupus Occidentalis, 
American W01.F. Latrans, Prairie Wolf. 

Habitat : — Europe, Asia and America, in the middle and higher 

altitudes. 

The European Wolf is found in Spain, France, Russia, 
Hungary and Germany. A thoroughly carnivorous animal of the 
canine family, about the size of a large dog. The European 
Wolf is more fierce than his American cousin, and often attacks 
man without fear. In Russia, especially, this animal attains a 
large size, and when pressed with hunger is dangerous. The 
general color of the common European Wolf is a brownish- 
red, although in the North he takes on a grayish coat. Black 
Wolves are more common in Southern than in Northern Europe. 



The "Wolf is subject to hydrophobia, and its bite is then more 
fatal than that of a mad dog. In olden times, in wild and thinly 
settled districts, places of refuge from Wolves were erected for 
the protection of travelers. The fur of the European Wolf is 
overlaid with long black hairs, and the under fur is dense and of 
a bluish tinge. 

The American Wolf (L,upus Occidentalis) is similar in habits 
and appearance to the European species, but varies in color in 
different localities from black, through shades of gray, to white, 
the latter only found in extreme Northern latitudes. The 
American Wolf combines cowardice with ferocity in its character, 
lycan and gaunt, they are nevertheless fleet and powerful. They 
hunt mostly in packs, following for daj'S herds of Deer or 
Buffalo, and making up in persistence and numbers what they 
lack in individual strength. When roaming singl}^ they are 
sneaking and shy. The fur is rather handsome, and is very 
serviceable for robes and rugs. 

The Prairie Wolf (lyatrans) or Coyote, as he is called in the 
West, is a small and insignificant member of the Wolf family. 
Scarcely larger than a Fox, wary and cowardly, he is dangerous 
only to small quadrupeds or the weak and sickly members of the 
herds of larger animals. In color the Prairie Wolf is dark 
grizzly or gray. The tail is tipped with black, and the fur is 
long, harsh and dense. This species is chiefl}- found on the 
Western plains. 




'"**%; 



THE TIGER. 



FEUS TIGRIS. Fr., IvKTigre. Gr., Der Tiger. 

Habitat: — India and So2ithcrn Asia. 

A CARNIVOROUS animal of the feline family, and the largest 
and most powerful species excepting the l^ion. There are two 
well defined v'arieties, the Bengal and Mongolian or Chinese 
Tiger. The former is most numerous, and distinguished by its 
bright markings. The color of the body is a rich yellow, with 
transverse dark colored or black stripes. The fur is short and 
lies close to the skin, and the tail is long and dark-ringed. The 
Tiger is of amazing strength, and kills and drags off a horse or 
Buffalo with little difficulty. They soon acquire an especial 



fondness for human flesh, and certain sections of Asia are 
terribly infested with them. 

The Mongolian Tiger is somewhat less ferocious than his 
Bengal relative, the fur is thicker and longer, and the stripes 
are less black. The general color is a tawny-yellow, and a 
fringe of black and white fur, three to four inches long, surrounds 
the face. 

Tiger skins make extremely rich and striking rugs, espe- 
cially when the head is retained in its natural appearance. In 
some parts of India the Tiger is protected by the superstition of 
the natives, who regard it as a sacred animal, animated by the 
souls of their dead ancestors. In China, the Tiger's claw is 
supposed to afford protection against all misfortune, and the 
scrapings therefrom are universally believed to be a panacea for 
all bodily ills. 

As the lyion is the scourge of Africa, so the Tiger occupies 
the same bad eminence in India and Southern Asia. Portions of 
Sumatra have been almost depopulated by them, and in many 
localities the inhabitants are kept in a constant state of terror by 
the depredations of these " man-eaters." In 1888, ten hundred 
and sixty-three persons were known to have been killed by 
Tigers in India alone. 

The colors of the Tiger's body assimilate so well with its 
surroundings and the rank undergrowth of the jungles that it is 
not readily seen when quiet, and is on this account the more 
dangerous. 

Albinos, or white Tigers, have occasionally been found, but 
they are extremel)^ rare. 







THE PANTHER. 



FELIS CONCOLOR. Fr., Le Cougouar. Gr., Kuguar. 
Habitat : — All Atnerica, from Canada to Patagonia. 

The Panther is a carnivorous and nocturnal animal, and the 
largest of the cat family found on the Western Continent, being 
frequently called the L,ion of America. It is also known as the 
Puma, or Cougar. 

It is of a uniform light dun color, shading to a lighter hue 
on the belly and chest. It often attains great size, and is armed 
with heavy claws and well-developed canine teeth. The Panther 
feeds largely upon Deer, pouncing upon his prey from some tree 
or overhanging rock. It is swift, subtle, and exceedingly 
powerful, but is rather cowardly, as a rule, and seldom attacks 
man unless wounded or robbed of its young. It generally makes 
its home in well-nigh inaccessible ledges. It is an expert 



climber, and usually takes to a tree when pursued by dqgs. In 
South America its favorite haunts are the vast grassy plains, 
where it destroys great numbers of wild cattle. 

It is asserted by hunters that each Panther destroys as 
many as two Deer per week, and a pair of these fierce and active 
animals have been known to attack and kill a full-grown Moose. 
They are not satisfied to kill merely enough to supply the 
demands of their voracious appetite, but frequently destroy great 
numbers of sheep or young cattle from sheer wantonness and 
bloodthirstiness. 

The cry of the Panther in the forest at night is a blood- 
curdling sound, and is said to inspire other animals with terror. 
It has been likened to the scream of a woman in great fear or 
distress. When pressed with hunger it sometimes visits the 
remote farm houses, and kills and carries oflfthe live stock. It 
fears the fire, and hunters and travelers protect themselves from 
its attack by building fires in a circle around them. 

The fur is chiefly valuable for robes and rugs. 




THE MUSK OX. 



OVIBUS MOSCHATUS. Fr., Boeuf MusQufe. 

BiSAMSTlER. 



Gr., 



Habitat : — North East Greenland, Upper Canada, I\lelvillc Island, 
between 6ist and ysth degrees of latitude. 

This singular animal of the Ungulata group resembles the 
Sheep rather than the Ox. The curious shape of the horns and 
the long woolly hair, reaching nearly to the ground, give it a very 
peculiar appearance. It is from three to four feet in height, and 
dark brown in color, excepting the feet, which are usually white. 
It is very fleet and active, easily traversing rough ground over 
which no pursuer can follow. It is irritable and dangerous 
when cornered, often turning and charging upon its enemy and 
thus escaping. It is a smaller animal than it appears, on 



account of its thick covering, which is more dense and impene- 
trable to cold than that of any other quadruped. The horns 
form a sort of helmet on its forehead, being very large at the 
base, dropping suddenly, and hooked at the ends, which are very 
sharp-pointed. Its flesh is palatable, although it has a flavor of 
Musk at certain seasons. The Musk Ox is a rather stupid 
animal, and is not afraid of the sound of a gun unless it sees the 
man who fires it. It feeds chiefly on lichens, willows, etc. 

A good, mounted specimen of the Musk Ox is extremely 
rare, for the reason that the natives religiously cvit off" the heads 
of all the animals or hides they send to market, as they have a 
superstition that if the head of the animal is allowed to go out of 
the country in which it lives, the entire Musk Ox species will 
become extinct. Even so great and enthusiastic a naturalist as 
Audubon never saw one of these animals alive. The skins are 
highly prized in Canada for sleigh robes. 



tr*' 




THE LION 



FEIylS LEO. Fr., Le Leon. Gr., Der Lowe. 
Habitat : — Africa. Rare in Asia. 

The largest and most powerful of the feline race. His great 
strength and ferocity when aroused has properly entitled him to 
the name of " King of Beasts." The Lion is carnivorous and 
mostly nocturnal in his habits. The body is about five feet long, 
and the color of the hair is a tawny-brown. The tail is long and 
tipped with black hair, and the male possesses a heavy mane, 
which adds to the majesty of his appearance and is probably a 
protection when fighting. The roar of the Lion is one of the 
most impressive sounds in nature and is said to have a marked 
effect on other animals. The Lioness is smaller than her mate, 
but, if anything, more savage. Unlike others of the cat tribe, 



the lyion is permanently attached to his mate, and protects his 
young more generally. 

In ancient times the lyion occupied a wider range and more 
northern latitude than at present. 

Lions approach their prey stealthily and spring upon it un- 
awares. Human beings are not exempt from their attJ^'cks, and 
they soon acquire a special fondness for this sort of food. Un- 
like others of the cat tribe, however, the I^ion only kills enough 
to satisfy his appetite, and does not slaughter his victims from 
pure wantonness, as does the Tiger or Panther. According to 
Gerard, the French Lion hunter of North Africa, the average 
length of life of the Lion is thirty-five years, and during each 
year he destroys horses, cattle, camels and sheep to the value of 
$1,200 ; therefore each Lion costs the inhabitants of that country 
$42,000. The strength of the Lion is something passing belief. 
It has been known to carry or drag a horse a mile from where he 
had killed it, and the power of his jaws is sufficient to break the 
largest bones. 

Lion hunting was a favorite sport of the Assyrian Kings. 
The Lions were liberated from cages and were shot with arrows 
by the King from his chariot. 

Generally used as rugs or as full mounted specimens. But 
few are procurable. 




THE LEOPARD. 



Fr., Le IvEopard. Gr., Der Leopard. 
Habitat: — South Africa and the East Indies. 

A CARNIVOROUS aud predatory animal of the feline genus, 
approaching the Tiger in size and ferocity. It is celebrated for 
the beauty of its skin and the grace and agilitj^ of its movements. 
The usual color is brownish yellow; the spots are numerous, and 
are black with light-colored centres. The hair is very short and 
rather harsh. It is a good climber, crafty, and very fierce when 
wounded or hungry. It haunts the forest where high under- 
growth prevails. 

Most generally used for rugs, which are extremely beautiful. 

To this species belongs the JAGUAR of South America, 
the largest of all I^eopards, beautifully marked yellow and black, 
with open circles of black containing a central black dot, the 
circles disposed in five or six parallel horizontal lines. 



THE OUNCE. 



FELIS UNCIA. Fr., l'Once. Gr., Irbiso or Unze. 
Habitat: — Cashmere ^ the Himalayas^ Central Asia. 

Separatk species from the lyeopard, although about the 
same size. In general color it is almost white, with spots of a 
darker color, with thick pale fur two inches long; long tail, 
densely furred and marked with faint rings. 

Used only for rugs, being beautiful and extremely rare. 

CLOUDED TIGER 



FELIS MACROCBEIS. 
Habitat: — China and Assam. 

A VERY beautiful animal, and a member of the Leopard 
family. Graceful in movement and striking in appearance. It 
is a rare species, large in size. The fur is rich and velvety, long 
and fine. The tail is ringed, and the fur is marked with 
numerous cloud-like figures irregularly placed. Although a 
powerful .f""'-nal, in disposition is rather gentle. 

We know of but one specimen in the United States, and 
that is in our possession mounted as a rug. 

THE OCELOT. 



FKlvIS PARDALIS. Fr., i.' Ocelot. Gr., Ozelot. 

Habitat: — British Honduras and South Am-erica, Central America 

and extreme southern part of United States. 

This graceful animal, of the genus Felidae, is carnivorous, 
and generally nocturnal in its habits, like all of the cat tribe. 
In color it varies considerably, but usually the pelt is light-gray, 
with dark, oblong spots, with drab centres. The tail is rather 
short and partly ringed. The Ocelot is a very active animal and 
an expert climber. When pursued it runs on the ground like a 
fox, only taking to the trees as a last resort. In size it resembles 
the Bay Lynx, and is the most beautiful of all the feline race in 
North America. 

Its fur is used principally for rugs. 




THE BUFFALO. 



BISON AMERICANUS. Fr., Bison. Gr., Buffel. 



Habitat : — North America in the Far West. Never North of 
latitude J J degrees. 

A NOBLE animal, of the Bovine species, and formerlj^ ver}^ 
abundant. It is now largely exterminated, being practically 
reduced to a few scattered herds in Southern Canada and the 
Yellowstone Park, probably numbering less than 500, all told, 
in the United States. Up to 1875 it existed in countless herds 
on the Western plains, and was valuable alike to the Indian 
and white man. whose needs, in the way of food and clothing, it 



supplied. From 187 1 to 1874 it is estimated that between 
4,000,000 and 4,500,000 of these animals were recklessly killed, 
merely for the sake of the hide. The flesh of the Buffalo is 
juicy and palatable, and the fat is similar to that of the Green 
Turtle. 

The most delicate part is the hump, which is conspicuous on 
the back. The male Buffalo is 4^2 to 5 feet high at the .shoulders, 
but much lower at the flank. The head and shoulders are 
covered with a dense mane of curly dark brown hair, which adds 
to its fierce and majestic appearance. The general color of the 
animal is a drab-brown, and the fur or hair is very warm and 
valuable for robes and coats. 

The extinction of the Buffalo has created among the Indians 
a need which must now be .supplied by the United States Govern- 
ment, in the .shape of meat rations. Among many tribes the 
tradition exi.sts that the Great Spirit will sooner or later bring 
back the Buffaloes to the Western plains, and that when that 
occurs the white man's supremacy will cease, and the red men 
will again possess the land of wdiicli they have been deprived. 
The Indians excel all others in dressing the .skin. The Buffalo 
is active and enduring, and is usually hunted on horseback. 
White Buffalo have been seen and captured, but have always 
been very rare. The head of the male Buffalo is in great demand 
as a mural ornament. 



THE QILCe CO. 



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